Valvular Disease
Pericardial Disease
Myocardial Disease
Congenital Disease
Miscellanous
Endocardial Cushion Defect
Types
- Partial: ostium primum atrial septal defect, cleft mitral valve
- Complete: ostium primum atrial septal defect, canal type ventricular septal defect, common atrioventricular valve
- Incomplete: two separate atrioventricular valve orifices, left ventricle to right atrial shunt, three leaflets with cleft in left atrioventriular valve
Cardiac Auscultation
- Pulmonary flow murmur
- Atrioventricular regurgitation
Electrocardiogram
- Left axis deviation
- Biventricular hypertrophy
Chest X-ray
- Cardiomegaly with increased pulmonary vascular markings
Treatment
- Close the atrial and/or ventricular septal defects with patch material and repair the atrioventricular valves.
M-Mode
2-D
- Apical four-chamber view reveals that both atrioventricular valves are inserted at the same level
- Posterior angulation of the probe reveals the ventricular septal defect when present
- Subcostal view reveals the atrial septal defect
- Short-axis view of the mitral valve reveals the cleft valve
Doppler
- Determine the presence and severity of atrioventricular valve regurgitation
- Identify shunts (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect)
Echocardiography Books